Finite verb

Definition of finite verb :
a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verbs in a sentences. It shows tense (past/present, etc) or number (singular/plural), A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence.


Example of finite verb :
• I cook, she reads, Anto went
• Dina has eaten when Ria come in, By itself, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking


Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.


Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle


For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.
Continue Reading...

Household Vocabulary

HOME SWEET HOME :)
That is our house . Do you have a house guys ?
We are a lucky people that can live in an good house. We can sleep, eat , and do anything in our house. It's very different with the people out there , that are the unlucky people that don't have a house. So poor, right . So love your house like you love yourself .And now we can learn about room and things in the house . check this out :)


Rooms in a House
• balcony
• bathroom
• bedroom
• dining room
• garage
• hall
• kitchen
• laundry
• living room

Things in a Bedroom
• alarm
• bed
• bedside table
• clock
• drawers
• dressing table
• lamp
• wardrobe, closet

Things in a Bathroom
• basin, sink
• bath
• mirror
• shower
• taps
• toilet
• towel rack

Things in a Kitchen
• bench
• cupboard
• dishwasher
• microwave
• oven, cooker
• pantry
• refrigerator, fridge
• sink
• stove, cooktop
• taps

Things in a Living Room
• arm chair
• bookcase
• chairs
• coffee table
• fan
• foot rest
• heater
• lounge, sofa, couch
• magazine rack
• recliner
• sound system
• table
• telephone, phone
• television stand
• television, TV

Things in a Dining Room
• chairs
• dining table

Things in a Study
• chair
• computer
• desk
• filing cabinet
• shelf

Things in a Laundry
• clothes maiden, drying rack
• dryer
• iron
• ironing board
• laundry basket
• pegs
• sink
• washing machine
• washing powder

Furniture
• armchair
• bed
• bookcase
• cabinet
• chair
• chest
• coffee table
• cupboard
• desk
• dining table
• drawers
• dressing table
• foot stool, foot rest
• lamp
• lounge, sofa, couch
• office chair
• sideboard, buffet
• stool
• TV stand
• wardrobe

Bills and Utilities
• council charges
• electricity
• gas
• insurance
• rent
• telephone
• water
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GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION

One day Achyat, Hans ,Fajar, William , Dhega, and Febri do a biology task. They look so confuse with the task. But they do not give up . After think and make discussion for some hours . They can finish their task. They look so happy can finish that task . And after they finish the task they ask me to get a photo of them . Dhega gives his thumb to camera and says GOOD JOB ! haha they look so happy and you can see guys Hans put his hand up pose like a superman :D
Guys , do you know from that story contain a compliment ? yeah the word “GOOD JOB” is one of example from compliment . still confuse ? please check this out :)


GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION
Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and thanking:Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Congratulating:
• Congratulations!
• Congratulations on your success!
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Happy anniversary!

Expressing

Let me congratulate you
My congratulations on your success
Pretty good

Responding

Thank you
Thanks, I needed that
It’s very kind of you to say that
Do you really think so ?

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
on his/her general appearance
if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
when you visit someone’s house for the first time
when other people do their best

Complimenting:
What a nice dress!
You look great.
You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
I really must express my admiration for your dance.
Good grades!
Excellent!
Nice work!

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
Thank you very much
Thank you for your help
I’m really very grateful to you
You’re welcome
Don’t mention it
It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
I am grateful to your help
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Suprise & Disbelief

When My friends and I went to Tangkiling , we spent time with take a lot of photo. And dhega and mangku asked me to take photo of them . They gave their best pose to the camera . But after some minutes when I took a photo of them Mangku said “Dhega I think you are than me” and Dhega answered him “what ! are you kidding me ?”
Guys are you realize in that story is contain Surprise and Disbelief. The word that dhega said is contain surprise and disbelief. That is “WHAT ! ARE YOU KIDDING ME ?” It is one of example surprise and disbelief. For complete information keep rading guys :)


Suprise & Disbelief
A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something taht we cant or impossible.

To express surprise or disbelief:
• What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
• (Well), that’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious? You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
• I must say … surprises me.
• I find that hard to believe.

Suprising amazement of something :
• Fantastic
• It’s great
• It’s terrific
• Wonderful !
• What a lovely flowers !

Example of expressing surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
¨ Do you know what?
¨ Believe it or not?
¨ You may not believe it, but …
¨ Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
¨ Really?
¨ Are you joking?
¨ Oh?
¨ Where? Show me.
Continue Reading...

PASSIVE VOICE

At last time my friends and I went to Taman Alam. And my friend that was dhega brought a guitar . The guitar is played by dhega. And when dhega started to play the guitar and sing a song , Sani heard his voice. Sani was smiling because dhega sing a song love. Haha sani looked shame because I see her smile after hear dhega’s voice. Actually , the good voice is had by dhega.
Hey guys from my story above is contain PASSIVE VOICE. Yeah , the sentences that say “The guitar is played by dhega” and “the good voice is had by dhega” are two of example of passive voice. To learn more please check this out :D



RULES 2 REMEMBER…
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
The two forms should have the same tenses

AGENT (OR BY AGENT)
IN A PASSIVE CLAUSE, WE USUALLY USE A PHRASE BEGINNING WITH BY IF WE WANT TO MENTION THE AGENT - THE PERSON OR THING THAT DOES THE ACTION, OR THAT CAUSES WHAT HAPPENS.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER MAKES THE SANDWICH EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT VERB1+S/ES O C (ADV. OF TIME)


THE SANDWICH IS MADE BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT O BE+V3 AGENT C (ADV. OF TIME)

WHAT ABOUT OTHER TENSES?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS : [ S + TO BE + BEING +V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT PERFECT: [ S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Here are the xamples:
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.

Next,
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence

FOR INSTANCE:
John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive: The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower

or

Passive: The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend

how about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
People don’t use bikes anymore
Bikes are not used anymore

Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
Were the cards played in the class yesterday?

SOME EXAMPLES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE)
Some students open the book silently during the examination (active)
The books are opened silently by some students during the examination. (passive)

 Ku Klux Klan killed many innocent people.
 Many innocent people were killed by Ku Klux Klan

> Sting will perform the 2nd world tour in Indonesia
> The 2nd world tour will be performed by Sting in Indonesia
Continue Reading...

SIMPLE FUTURE

Last thursday at art lesson my friend and I had task about playing guitar . My teacher showed us how to play a guitar. And my teacher decided to take score of us. Oh my God , I’m so panic because I can’t play a guitar. Like me , my friends can not play guitar too .
And I saw Grandy and Faizal busy with their chat. And I heard Grandy said “Hey zal, will you teach me play guitar ?” and actually Grandy ask Faizal to teach him play guitar . And Faizal answered “Yes Grandy, I will teach you play guitar” and faizal want to teach Grandy play guitar and then Grandy was smiling and look very happy.


Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

1. Future tense “will”
• To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.
Example= A: Can you help me to do this homework?
B: Of course, I will do it for you.

• To offer to do something.
Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: Don’t worry. I will lend you.



• To assert an agreement to do something.
Example= A: You must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

• To predict event that will be happened.
Example= A: Will I pass the test next month?
B: Don’t worry, you will pass.

• To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now. How old will I be next year?
B: You will be eighteen years old next years.
2. Future tense “shall”
• To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free. Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3. Future tense “be going to”
• To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: Oh, I’m sorry I forgot. I’m going to send it tonight.

• To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example= A: The sky is very dark. What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain.
TIME SIGNAL
1. Tomorrow…
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
Night

2. Next…
Time
Week
Month
Year
January

3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

PATTERN
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example: I shall clean the room.
We will go to school.
She will give a present.
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b. Subject + to be + going to + VI
Example: I am going to play tennis.
They are going to swim very fast.
He is going to write a story.
2. Negative (-)
a. Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example: I shan’t buy a shirt.
He won’t clean the room.
b. Subject + to be + not + going to + VI
Example: I am not to give a present.


3. Interrogative (?)
a. Shall/will + subject + VI ?
Example: Will we play tennis?

b. to be + subject + going to + VI ?
Example: Is she going to write a story?
Continue Reading...

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

At rest time in the school every pupil go outside of the class. But at that day a half of my friend include me stay in the class because it is hot day so my friend decided to stay in the class.
My friends and I talk about anything in the school , we laugh and etc. but we fell something different in my class and actually we see Noprian flatter to Hanna . Haha they look funny that sit side by side. And suddenly we hear Noprian ask a question to Hanna. He says “Hey Hanna could you tell me your phone number ?” ask him with smile. And Hanna answers “Sorry Noprian , I could not tell you “ says Hanna with put out her tongue. And suddenly all of my friends in the class laugh because Noprian’s request is refuse by Hanna, haha :D


WHAT ARE MODALS?
Modals are helping words that are used to express: (1)possibility, (2)ability, (3)degree of certainty, and (4) level of authority
Kinds of modals such as:
Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.

Modals in the past form
are used in the past time.They are could, would, should, and might.
Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C.
Can be used in every tenses

• Could is the past tense of can

The modal auxiliary could is used
To express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
To express past or future permission:
Could i bury my cat in your back yard?
To express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking

to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances.
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.


When could is used in the past, it means was able to.
Example:
I was able to find a parking space.

• Would is the past tense of will

The modal auxiliary would is used
to express a reapeated action in the past
to express more polite (request)
Would you (please) feed the dog?
When would is used in the past, it means “used to”, for example:
When i was younger, I would run two hours every day.
This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t.

When would is used in the present, it show more polite.
For unreal condition
Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)
Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)
Would, can is used in the past and present.

• Might is the past tense of may.

Is used to express of granting or seeking permission.
Might, I leave class early?
To express future possibility.
She might be my advisor next semester.
To express past possibility.
Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
- Might is considerably more tentative than may

• Should is the past tense of shall.

Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.
Example:
When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Postdam. (recommendation)
You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)
i really should be in the office by 7:00 am. (obligation)
By now, they should already be in Dubai.
(expectation)

Example in dialogue:
Chika : Hy eka....Are you busy?
Eka : No, i`m not busy...What`s happen?
Chika : Oh...Good..I want you help me...
Would you help me, please?
Eka : Yes, why not...?What can I do for
you...?
Chika : Hmm...help me please...to clean my
garden now....
Eka : ??????.......No....I won`t.......
Sorry.......


Rizky : Oh...I miss grandchild...I want
to meet him.
Fanny : Don`t be sad grandma, Andre
might visit us on Saturday...
Rizky : Really...? Oh,i`m so happy...
Fanny : Yups, of course...

MODAL CHART

can't have

certainty e.g. I can't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't)

could	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have	possibility, but did not happen e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.
	uncertainty e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

couldn't	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.
	ability in a particular situation e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't have	possibility/ability e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.
	uncertainty e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?
	with comparative adjectives e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.
	unwillingness e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

didn’t need to

unnecessary action not done e.g. As I was alone this weekend, I didn't need to do any cooking (so I didn't).

had to

obligation (past form of must) e.g. I couldn't go out last night because I had to do my homework.

may have

uncertainty e.g. I guess I may have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.

may not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

might have	possibility (didn't happen) e.g. You might have been killed!
	uncertainty e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.
	annoyance at someone's failure to do something e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!
	might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical) e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

must have	certainty e.g. He must have known how much it was going to cost. (I'm sure he knew.)
	with surely in exclamations e.g. Surely he must have known how much it was going to cost!

needn't have

unnecessary action that was actually done e.g. Oh, you needn't have done the washing up!

ought not to have

criticism (more common is shouldn't have) e.g. You ought not to have been so frank with him.

ought to have

expectation (should have is more common) Why is she late? She ought to have arrived by now!

should have	expectation Why is she late? She should have arrived by now!
	should have + verbs of thinking e.g. I should have thought you knew.
	with be and adjectives, describing chance e.g. It was weird that you should have been staying in the same hostel last month.
	criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do) e.g. The party was such fun last night! You should have come!

shouldn't have	criticism e.g. You shouldn't have been so frank with him.
	polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or favour "Here's a bottle of wine for you" "Oh, you really shouldn't have!"

would have	events in the past that did not happen e.g. I wouldn't have gone out with him, but he didn't ask me.
	assumptions e.g. Oh, that would have been Sarah on the phone just now.

would not

unwillingness e.g. I asked Tom to close the window, but he wouldn't do it.

Continue Reading...

INVITATION (WRITTEN)

INVITATION (WRITTEN)

Writing an Invitation Letter

An invitation letter serves the purpose of inviting a guest to a party, an event or a celebration while conveying more information than a traditional invitations card. It serves two purposes; one, to invite the individual to the event and two, to ensure that the person receiving the letter is going to attend.



There are two tenses used within the invitation letter, the present and the future. The present tense conveys information about the event and the future tense ensures the guest is going to attend.


Here's How:
1. Names of party hosts or sponsoring organization.
2. Type of event (birthday party, business networking meeting, etc.).
3. Place.
4. Date.
5. Time.
6. RSVP date and phone number.
7. Any special dress requirements from black-tie to bathing suits.
8. Rain date (if any).
9. Be specific about who is invited, whether address only, with guest, or with spouse and children.

Tips:
1. Always send written invitations for formal events such as business gatherings, formal dinners, and special occasions like showers, weddings or events honoring someone.
2. If guests are not from your local area, include a map to location of event.
3. Send anywhere from 8 - 2 weeks in advance depending on formality of occasion. Weddings require the longest lead-time; casual dinners and brunches require the least.
4. Offerins invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
5. Accepting invitation
->Yes,I’d love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.
6. Reffusing
->If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
->Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I’m sorry.
->I’ve lost to work to do.

EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?
Accepting (menerima)
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting

Refusing(menolak)
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind



Present simple
Past tense
direct : Vita said “ I eat fried rice”
indirect :Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple
Past perfect
direct : Mother said “ I went to market yesterday”
indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple
Past future
direct : Dave said “ I will buy an i-pod next week’
indirect : Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after


Present continuous
Past continuous
direct : Gama said “ I’m playing football”
indirect : Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
direct : She said “ I was teaching earlier”
indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier

when we want to report what someone said , wedon’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”

example :
my mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock

In time expression and pronouns

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then that day / that night The day before / the previous day The next / following day The previous week The following week / the week after Before

In time expression and pronouns

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
This/these Here pronouns	That/those There They changes according to the context

Type	Form	example
Yes-no question	Ask + if / whether + S + verb wonder etc	do you speak English “ He wondered if I spoke English
Wh-question	Ask + question word + S + verb wonder etc	“what are you watching” She asked what I’m watching

Sometimes we need the report someone’s question , the report question are introduce with the verb ask inquire wonder , want to know , etc

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow.“ can She said, "I can teach English online." must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online.“	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow. could She said she could teach English online.  had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?" may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	should She asked what we should learn today. might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought too.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

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News Item

News Item
• News Item:
is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.


• Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.
• Significant Grammar Features:
• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

• There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
» The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
• Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
• Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
» It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
• Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
• Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.

» The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
• Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
• Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
» To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
• Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
» Headlines are not always complete sentences.
• Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
• Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan
Continue Reading...

Asking for information

Asking for information


The use of WH-Questions
What
When
Where
Why
Who
How

Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Helen?

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc

Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.

Asking for information:
I’d like to know ………………
I’m interested in ………………..
Could you tell me ………........?
Do you know ………………?
Could you find out …………………?
Could I ask ……………………..?
Do you happen to know ………….?

Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the book
It could be … somewhere in the library
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student
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Asking if someone remembers or not

Asking if someone remembers or not


Formal expressions

• I wonder if you remember ….
• You remember ...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
• Don’t you remember ....?
• Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond

• Let me think, yes, I remember.
• I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that.
• I’ll always remember.
• I can remember it clearly

Informal expressions

• Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
• I’m sorry, I don’t remember.

Ways to respond

• Hold on. Yes, got it!
• I know ….
• It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:

• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
• I’m afraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember.
• I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
• Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

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Noun phrases

What is Noun?
noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun
Remember that...
There are more nouns in the English Language than any other kind of words.


see the Noun examples
• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship


The Functions of Nouns in Sentences
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun
For example:
I like swimming
The word ‘swimming’ is a gerund

PHRASES
• A phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.

• Noun Phrases
• A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
• Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...
examples:
• subject
Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
More examples:
• object of a verb
They have found Eugene's goal.
• object of a preposition
The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring break up.
• subject complement
Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
• object complement
I consider Loki my favourite cat.
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